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课程
Probability Space and Random Variables
A probability space is a triplet \((\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})\) consisting of:
Convergences
参考书:吴昊老师的讲义
Law of Large Numbers
Let \((X_n)_{n\ge 1}\) be i.i.d. random variables with finite mean \(m\) , and set
Central Limit Theorem
For a real random variable \(X\) with law \(\mu\) , its characteristic function is
Conditional Expectation
Theorem Let \(X\in L^1(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})\) and let \(\mathcal{A}\subset\mathcal{F}\) be a sub- \(\sigma\) -field. Then there exists a unique random variable \(Y\) such that:
Markov Chains
A sequence of random variables \(\left\{X_n\right\}\) is a Markov process with state space \(S\) and transition probabilities \(P\) if for all \(n\ge 0\) and all sequences \(x_0,\ldots,x_n,x_{n+1}\in S\) , we have that
GTM295
GTM295 Chapter 8
Exercise 8.1 Consider a population of \(n\) individuals and \(r \in \{1,\ldots,n-1\}\) .
GTM295 Chapter 9
Exercise 9.1
GTM295 Chapter 10
Exercise 10.1 In this exercise, to emphasize the dependence on the underlying probability measure, we speak of convergence in \(\mathbb{P}\) -probability instead of convergence in probability....
GTM295 Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1 (Bayes Formula)
GTM295 Chapter 12
Exercise 12.1 Let \((X_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\) be a sequence of independent real random variables. Set \(S_0=0\) and \(S_n=X_1+\cdots+X_n\) for every \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) , and consider the canonical filtration \((\mathcal{F}_n)_{n\in\mathbb{Z}_+}\) of the process \((S_n)_{n\in\mathbb{Z}_+}\) . Prove that:
GTM295 Chapter 13
Exercise 13.1 Let \(E\) and \(F\) be two countable sets and let \(f:E\to F\) be a surjective map. Let \((X_n)_{n\in\mathbb{Z}_+}\) be a Markov chain on \(E\) with transition matrix \(Q\) . Assume that, for every \(a\in F\) , and every \(x,x'\in E\)...
GTM295 Chapter 14
In Exercises 14.1 to 14.11, \((B_t)_{t\ge0}\) is a one-dimensional Brownian motion with \(B_0=0\) , and \(S_t=\sup\{B_s:0\le s\le t\}\) .
统计
课程
Probability Theory
样本空间(sample space) The set \(S\) of all possible outcomes of a particular experiment is called the sample space.
Transformation and expectation
Transformation Let \(X\) be a random variable with cdf \(F_X(x)\) and pdf (or pmf) \(f_X(x)\) . Let \(Y = g(X)\) , where \(g\) is a one-to-one function, mapping the original sample space of \(X\) , \(\mathcal{X}\) , to a new sam...
Common Families of Distributions
discrete uniform (1,N) distribution
Multiple Random Variables
An \(n\) -dimensional random vector is a function from a sample space \(S\) into \(\mathbb{R}^n\) , \(n\) -dimensional Euclidean space.
Properties of a Random Sample
The random variables \(X_1,\cdots,X_n\) are called a random sample of size \(n\) from the population \(f(x)\) if \(X_1,\cdots,X_n\) are mutually independent and the marginal pdf or pmf of each \(X_i\) is \(f(x)\) . Alternatively, \(X_1,\cdots,X_n\)...
Principles of Data Reduction
A sufficient statistic for a parameter \(\theta\) is a statistic that, in a certain sense, captures all the information about \(\theta\) contained in the sample. Any additional information in the...
Point Estimation
A point estimator is any function \(W(X_1, \cdots, X_n)\) of a sample; that is, any statistic is a point estimator.
Hypothesis Testing
A hypothesis is a statement about a population parameter.
博资考复习资料
密码学
密码分析学
密码分析学概述
Kerckhoffs 准则 :密码体制的安全性仅依赖于密钥,其他一切包括算法本身都是公开的。
恩尼格玛密码机的破解
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分组密码的差分分析及相关分析方法
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分组密码的线性分析及相关分析方法
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积分分析
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中间相遇攻击
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分组密码的其他攻击方法
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分组密码各种分析方法的等价性
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区分器的自动化搜索
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分组密码工作模式的攻击概述
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序列密码的经典安全性分析技术
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序列密码的立方攻击
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杂凑函数的安全性分析概述
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消息认证码的安全性分析概述
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侧信道分析概述
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附录:算法说明
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AI 博资考
Deep Learning Crash Course
Transformer 的本质是摒弃了 RNN 的时序递归,用极其暴力的全局矩阵乘法来实现特征交互。 假设输入序列为 \(X \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times d}\) ( \(n\) 是序列长度, \(d\) 是词向量维度)。首先,输入 \(X\) 会乘上三个不同的权重矩阵 \(W^Q, W^K \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times d_k}\) 和 \(W^V \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times d_v}\) ,将特征映射到不同的子空间:
Machine Learning Crash Course
--- 在监督学习中,我们有一个输入空间 \(\mathcal{X}\) (比如图片的像素特征)和一个标签空间 \(\mathcal{Y}\) (比如分类类别)。
Optimization Methods Crash Course
如果函数 \(f(x)\) 是 \(L\) -smoothness 的,意味着它的梯度是 \(L\) -Lipschitz 连续的。对于定义域内的任意 \(x, y\) ,满足: \[||\nabla f(x) - \nabla f(y)|| \le L ||x - y||\] 等价的二阶泰勒展开上限形式:
PDE 数值解
Chapter0
我们考虑一般形式的二阶PDE:
Chapter1
首先我们给出推广的定义。考虑高维 PDE
习题 1
设 \(\Omega\) 是一个 \(\mathbb{R}^n\) 中具有 Lipschitz 连续边界的有界开集, \(\partial \Omega_D\) 对应 Dirichlet 边界。在 \(\Omega\) 上定义网格,若最大步长 \(h_{max}\) 与最小步长 \(h_{min}\) 满足 \(\frac{h_{max}}{h_{min}}\le C\) ,则称该网格为拟一致网格。特别的若网格为均匀网格,则称该网格为一致网格。
习题 2
试引入适当的无量纲的空间和时间变量,将一维有限区域上均匀介质中无源热流运动在齐次 Dirichlet 边界条件下的初边值问题化为定义在 \((0,1) \times \mathbb{R}_+\) 上的标准形式的模型问题 \((2.2.1) \sim (2.2.3)\) 。
第二章:抛物型方程的有限差分法
我们考虑带有初值和 Dirichlet 边界条件的一维热方程:
第三章:双曲型方程的有限差分法
线性双曲型偏微分方程:输运方程、波动方程、特征线。 线性混合方程:对流扩散方程、拟线性双曲型方程。 双曲守恒律:通量、总变差减小、激波、Godunov 方法、ENO / WENO 格式、黎曼求解器。
第四章:有限元理论与有限元方法
1950s, 美国与德国 :航空工程与机械工程领域。代表人物:Plantl 和 Coniant。 1950s, 苏联 :基础数学与 Sobolev 空间。代表人物:Sobolev。 1965, 中国 :基于变分原理的差分格式。代表人物:冯康(Kang Feng)。 他的十六字方针: 分整为零、裁弯取直、以简驭繁、化难为易 。
PDE 数值解大作业
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凸优化
凸分析
我们只考虑 \(\mathbb{R}^n\) 空间上的优化问题。 所有的向量约定为列向量。 \('\) 表示转置。 \(x'y\) 为 \(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\) 表示 \(x\) 和 \(y\) 的内积。 \(||x||_2 = (x'x)^{1/2}\) 为 \(x\) 的欧几里得范数。
凸多面体
一个 超平面(hyperplane) 是形如 \[H=\left\{ x\Big| a'x=b\right\}\] 的集合,其中 \(a\in \mathbb{R}^n,b\in \mathbb{R}\) 且 \(a\neq 0\) 。
凸优化
对任意 \(f:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow [-\infty,+\infty]\) ,其 共轭凸函数(conjugate convex function) 定义为 \[f^*(y)=\sup_{x\in \mathbb{R}^n} (x'y -f(x)), \forall y\in \mathbb{R}^n.\]
几何对偶框架
设 \(M\) 是 \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) 的非空子集。 最小公共点问题(minimum common point problem) :寻找点 \((x,w)\in M\) 使得 \(w\) 最小化。
凸优化课程作业
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大作业
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应用数学博资考
Approximation Interpolation Exercises
Consider the Newton's method for finding a solution \(x_{*}\) to \(f(x)=0\) , where \(f\in C^{2}(a,b)\) , \(x_{*}\in(a,b)\) .
Asymptotic Analysis Exercises
\[u^{\prime\prime}+(\lambda+\epsilon f(x))u=0, \quad 0<x<1\]
Convex Optimization Exercises
\[\max_{x}\langle c,x\rangle \quad \text{s.t.} \quad Ax=b, \quad x\ge0\]
Numerical Algebra Exercises
1: find an upper Hessenberg matrix \(H_{0}\) and a unitary matrix \(U_{0}\) such that \(H_{0}=U_{0}^{H}AU_{0}\) .
Numerical Integration Exercises
--- Assume that \(f\) is a periodic function with period \(2\pi\) . Considering the integration \(I(f)=\int_{0}^{2\pi}f(x)dx\) , prove the following statements on the order of convergence of composite trapezoidal rule...
Numerical Linear Algebra
1. Metric (度量) \(d(x, y)\) : 定义集合上的距离。映射 \(d: X \times X \to \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}\) 满足: \(d(x, y) \ge 0\) 且 \(d(x, y) = 0 \iff x = y\) (非负性 & 唯一性) \(d(x, y) = d(y, x)\) (对称性) \(d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)\) (三角不等式)
Numerical Ode Exercises
\[\begin{array}{c|cc}
0 & 0 & \\
1 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
& 1/2 & 1/2
\end{array}\]
Numerical Pde Exercises
\[u_{m}^{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}(u_{m+1}^{n}+u_{m-1}^{n})-\frac{1}{2}akh^{-3}(u_{m+2}^{n}-2u_{m+1}^{n}+2u_{m-1}^{n}-u_{m-2}^{n}),\]
练习题集
- 函数逼近与插值练习题